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Morphology is the scientific words,
there are many kind of words, such as words as types and words as token. Any
words have meaning that are predictable, that is meaning that can be worked out
on the basis of sounds that make them up sound rather than letters because
writing is secondary to speech.
The meaning of a word or expression, the way in which
a word or expression or situation can be interpreted. the dictionary gave several
senses for the word. Words
as the basic units of language. Classification of
English words refer to most often is dictionary, in which words are
listed according to their spelling in alphabetical order.
A common reason for looking up a words in an English
dictionary is to check how to spell it.Units of language which are basic in two
sense.
Proverbs, It’s no use crying over spilt milk. After an accident we should
look to the future, rather than waste time wishing the accident had not
happened.
Words with predictable meaning is any words that are
composed of independently identifiable parts is suffient to determine the
meaning of the whole word.
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Morphemes
is the smaller parts of words. Including
roots, affixes and their shapes. derived from The Greek, namely form or shape.
Morpheme has two kind there are Monomorphemic
and Polymorphemic. Monomorphemic is consisting of just one morpheme
and Polymorphemic is Consisting of more than one morpheme.
Rule of Morphemes
be identifiable from one word to another word.
For example is helpfulness
(help ---ful---ness)
which is divisible into morphemes help, -ful
(identifiable also in cheerful and doleful, for example) and –ness
(identifiable also in happiness and sadness). Contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.
Affixes is placed in front of a word to add or change
its meaning UN TOUCH ABLE
that mean is UNTOUCHABLE. Prefix is that comes before a base morphemes.
Suffix is that comes after a base morphemes Then,
Untouchable can be said Affix if both of them appeared together.
In morphemes, There is Free morphemes, namely morphemes which can
stand alone, and
Bound morphemes, namely normally cant stand alone but need to be attached to
another morphemes.
Shape morphemes, BF abreviate from Bound and Free morphemes for example : Reu-matic, Auto-mobile, Auto-giro.
FB abreviate from Free and Bound morphemes for
example: state-ment, appointment.
BFB abreviate from bound,free and bound morphemes. For
example: in-exhaust-able, in-exor-able, un-impeace-able. FBB abreviate from
Free, bound and bound morphemes. For example:
beauti-ful-ly.
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Affix is a morpheme that is
attached to a word stem to form a new word.Affix can say
that an element can occur both as part ofa complex word and as a free morpheme.
In such cases, only a careful analysis of its linguistic properties can reveal
whether the element in question is really the same in both cases. If (and only
if) there are significant differences between the two usages we can safely
assume that we are dealing with two different items. If there are no
significant differences, the element should be treated as a free morpheme and
the pertinent complex word as a compound.
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root of a word.
Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative,
because it alters the form of the words to which it is affixed. For an example:
Possible can be made negative in meaning by adding im-: impossible
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word
to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word.
For example, the verb read can be made into the noun reader by adding the
suffix -er; read can be made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix
-able.
·
Nominal suffixes are often employed to derive
abstract nouns from verbs,adjectives, and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote
actions, results ofactions, or other related concepts, but also properties,
qualities, and the like.
·
Verbal Suffix There are four suffixes which derive
verbs from other categories (mostly adjectives and nouns), -ate, -en, -ify, and
-ize.
·
Adjectival Suffix are relational adjectives, whose
role is simply to relate the noun the adjective qualifies to the base word
ofthe derived adjective. For example, algebraic mind means ‘a mind having to do
with algebra, referring to algebra, characterized by algebra,’ colonial officer
means‘officer having to do with the colonies,’ and so on.
·
Adverbial Suffix there are two suffixes which derive
adverbal from categories. And there ar ( -ly, -wise)
Infix -
some languages add morphemes to the middle of the word, but this system is
rarely used in English, except in expressions such as 'Fan-bloody-tastic',
known as tmesis.
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Inflection
Inflection refers to word formation that does not change category
and
does not create new lexemes, but rather changes the form of
lexemes so
that
they fit into different grammatical contexts.
Types of
inflection
1.Number
Perhaps the most familiar inflectional category for
speakers of English is number. In English, nouns can be marked as singular or
plural:
(1) Singular cat, mouse, ox, child
Plural cats, mice, oxen, children
In English, it is required to mark the
plural on nouns in a context in which more than one of that noun is being
discussed (I have six beagles). Some languages distinguish a third category of
number in addition to singular and plural.
2.Person
Speakers of Indo-European languages may, however, be less familiar
with marking person on nouns. It is not unusual for languages to mark person on
nouns to show possession, something we do in English with separate possessive
pronouns. For example, the Iroquoian language Mohawk uses prefixes to mark
person on nouns:
3.Gender and noun class
In languages that have grammatical
gender nouns are divided into two or more classes with which other elements in
a sentence – for example, articles and adjectives – must agree. We use French
and German as our examples here:
a. French Masculine Feminine
homme ‘man’ femme ‘woman’
rat ‘rat’ souris ‘mouse’
bureau ‘desk’ table ‘table’
b. German Masculine Neuter Feminine
Mann ‘man’ Kind ‘child’ Frau ‘woman’
Tisch ‘table’ Pult ‘desk’ Mauer ‘wall’
Hund
‘dog’ Pferd ‘horse’ Maus ‘mouse
French has two genders, masculine and
feminine. German has three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. While
sometimes the real world sex of the noun’s referent determines the grammatical
gender of the noun – that is, the class that the noun belongs to – in many more
cases nouns are assigned to genders with some degree of arbitrariness. So while
the words for ‘man’ and ‘woman’ in both languages are masculine and feminine
respectively, in accordance with natural gender,
4. Case
Case is another grammatical category
that may affect nouns (or whole noun phrases). In languages that employ the
inflectional category of case, nouns are distinguished on the basis of how they
are deployed in sentences, for example, whether they function as subject,
direct object, indirect object, as a location, time, or instrument, or as the
object of a preposition. In Latin, for example, nouns must be inflected in one
of five cases, with singular and plural forms for each case:
Ergative/absolutive case systems are
less frequent in the languages of the world than nominative/accusative systems,
but they do occur in the Pama- Nyungan languages of Australia (for example
Dyirbal), in the Tsimshianic languages of North America (e.g. Sm’algyax, spoken
in British Columbia), in the language isolate Basque, as well as in Caucasian
languages like Georgian.
5.Tense and aspect
Tense and aspect are inflectional categories
that usually pertain to verbs. Both have to do with time, but in different
ways. Tense refers to the point of time of an event in relation to another
point – generally the point at which the speaker is speaking. In present tense
the point in time of speaking and of the event spoken about are the same. In
past tense the time of the event is before the time of speaking. And in future
tense the event time is after the time of speaking.
In English, we mark the past tense using
the inflectional suffix -ed on verbs (walked, yawned), but there is no
inflectional suffix for future tense. Instead, we use a separate auxiliary verb
will to form the future tense (will walk, will scream). The use of a separate
word to form a tense is called periphrastic marking. Strictly speaking,
periphrastic marking is a matter of syntax rather than morphology.
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