Realism in Poetry Aubade by Philip Larkin

Rizki Restu Permana

Realism in Poetry Aubade by Philip Larkin

In this essay we are going to talk about realim based on a poetry by Philip Larkin. The title of the poetry is Aubade. Before we talk about it, let’s indentify first about the poetry.

Aubade was published at 1977. Larkin has a style in write a poetry that is he always write with an ordinary, colloquial style, clarity, a quiet, reflective tone, ironic understatement and a diretc engagement with commonplace experiences, also in this poetry (Aubade) Larkin given a clarity and commonplace experience.

This we will tells about realism. “Realism was by no means a uniform or coherent movement; a tendency toward realism arose in many parts of Europe and in America, beginning in the 1840s.” (Habib, 2005), and this may can any connection with the poetry Aubade by Philip Larkin that published at 1977.

Aubade is poetry which tells about a death that will come to all people. ”And where and when I shall myself die. Arid interrogation: yet the dread Of dying, and being dead” (Aubade, line 7-9), in this line whe know that the death will come to people without we know when and where. Also “This is a special way of being afraid, No trick dispels. Religion used to try,”(Aubade, line 21-22), Larkin storngly showing that in this poetry used element religious.

In poetry Aubade, Larkin also want to tell that people can not hide or escape from the death.” Slowly light strengthens, and the room takes shape. It stands plain as a wardrobe, what we know, Have always known, know that we can't escape”(Aubade, line 41-43), here Larkin want to show that when the death was come, we can look our new place, and here Larkin used an object a coffin to vison that new place that poeole who grave in coffin is can not escape.

In dictonary Oxford realism is practicability attribute .................... . but Harris (2011) cleary assumes  in his web that realism is a politics philosophy that places a human into situation that always afraid his safety and make to competiting wit another. Realism focus on base character of human that gets egoist character, and brave to do whatever to reached their behalf each. Habib (2005) adding that the most general aim of realism was to offer a truthful, accurate, and objective representation of the real world, both the external world and the human self. realism also is a broad and multipronged reaction against the idealization, historical retrospection, and the imaginary worlds seen as characterizing Romanticism.

If we look to Larkin life, he also is people who follow a realsim, like Larkin marry his wife Pasty Strang, that Pastry Strang leaving her husband for married with Larkin, and from this we know that Larkin also is realism follower, because Larkin may do everything for marry with Strang until Starng leaving her husband for married with Larkin. Larkinn also add the  element of realism in his poetry (Aubade) like ” I work all day, and get half-drunk at night” (Aubade, line 1) in this one Larkin was showing a realism, because in that citation we know he can do everything for what he want, and the sentence “I work all day” is can not happen if he is not a realism follower.

In England, realism had in varying degrees informed the numerous types of novel – political, historical, religious – which had been written by major figures such as Thackeray and Dickens during the nineteenth century.(Habib, 2005), from this we know the realism is known in England at nineteenth century, and one of them tells about religious, and Larkin in poetry Aubade has a connection with religious like, “Making all thought impossible but how, And where and when I shall myself die.”(Aubade, line 6 and 7),from this citation Larkin showing that people can die, and the death is has connected with religious.

Selden and friend (2005) strongly argued that the most familiar type of ‘motivation’ is what we usually call ‘realism’. No matter how formally constructed a work may be, we still often expect it to give us the illusion of the ‘real’. In poetry Aubade, Larkin also input some motivation to reader like, “It stands plain as a wardrobe, what we know, Have always known, know that we can't escape, Intricate rented world begins to rouse.” (Aubade, line 41,42,46), this citation can motivated people for do not busy with their world, people also have to think about their death that will come and their can not doing anything when the deat is come.

References:

Habib, M. A. R. 2005. Modern Literary Criticism and Theory a History. Blackwell Publishing.

Selden, Raman. Widdowson, Peter. Brooker, Peter. 2005. A Reader’s Guide to

Contemporary Literary Theory. Pearson Longman.

Harris, Hannan. 2011. Realisme. “http://hannan-fisip11.web.unair.ac.id/artikel_detail-42730-Umum-realisme.html” accessed at Saturday march 23^th .

Sylablles

Name: Rizki Restu Permana

Class: III D

NIM: 1211503118

Sylablles

Speakers certainly have an intuitive notion of how many syllables each word contains: for instance, speakers of English would generally agree that meadow, dangerous and antidisestablishmentarianism (allegedly the longest word in the language) have two, three and twelve syllables respectively. It is less easy for speakers to reflect consciously on the in­ternal structure of syllables, or to decide where one stops and the next starts; but a wide variety of cross-linguistic studies have helped phonol­ogists construct a universal template for the syllable, within which particular languages select certain options. The internal structure of the syllable, and evidence for its subparts from a range of English phono­logical processes, will be the topic of this chapter.

Constituents of the syllable

The universal syllable template accepted by most phonologists is given in (1). Note that small sigma (σ) is shorthand for ‘syllable’; capital sigma (Σ), as we shall see later, is used to symbolise the foot.

(1)

onset                                       rhyme

nucleus                              coda

Note that small sigma (σ) is shorthand for ‘syllable’

Nucleus is the only compulsory part of the syllable, and hence its head, or most important, defining unit.
Example :
The first syllable of about, consist only of a nucleus.
The onset and the coda are optional constituents, and each, if filled, will contain one or more consonants.
Examples :
be has an onset but no coda;
eat has a coda but no onset; and beat has both.

The grammar of syllables: patterns of acceptability

Patterns of permissibility vary interms of filling these constituents of the syllable. It’s divided become :

—  Phonotactic constraints

—  The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation

Phonotactic constraints

Allow both onsets and codas, have restrictions on the permissible contents of those slots: these restrictions are known as phonotactic constraints. In particular, English allows clus­ters of two or three consonants in both onsets and codas; some languages have more complex cluster types, others only CC, and perhaps in the onset only. Some restrictions on the composition of clusters reflect structural idiosyncracies ofEnglish.

The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation

Sonority is related to the difference between sonorants (sounds which are typically voiced, like approxi­mants, nasal stops and vowels) and obstruents (oral stops and fricatives, which may be either voiced or voiceless). Sonorants are more sonorous; that is, their acoustic properties give them greater carrying power. If you stood at the front of a large room and said one sound as clearly as you could, a listener at the back would be much more likely to be able to identify a highly sonorous sound like [a] than a sound at the other end of the sonority range, such as [t].

Our knowledge of acoustic phonetics and other aspects of sound behaviour can be combined to produce a sonority scale like the one given in (3). Here, the most sonorous sounds appear at the top, and the least sonorous at the bottom. Some English examples are given for each category.

       Low vowels                              [a ] ...

High vowels                      [i u] ...

Glides                                     [j w]

Liquids                                    [l i]

Nasals                                    [m n i)]

Voiced fricatives                    [v z] ...

Voiceless fricatives               [f s] ...

Voiced plosives                     [b d g]

        Voiceless plosives                [p t k]

Justifying the constituents

1. Syllable-based processes
2. Onset Maximalism
3. Literary applications of syllable constituents
4. Syllable weight

A.Syllable-based processes

The notion of the syllable in general, and the onset constituent in particular, helps us to state the environment for aspiration of voiceless stops more accurately.

B. Onset Maximalism

Where there is a choice, always assign as many consonants as possible to the onset, and as few as possible to the coda. However, remember that every word must also consist of a sequence of well formed syllables.

Onset Maximalism tells us that, in a word like leader, the medial /d/ must belong to the second syllable, where it can be located in the onset, rather than the first, where it would have to be assigned to the less favoured coda.

C. Literary applications of syllable constituents

      Conspiratour, cursit cocatrice, hell caa (caa = crow)

      Turk, trumpour, traitour, tyran intemperate …

It is clear that almost all of the words in the first line begin with <c> /k/, and those in the second with <t> /t/; and in some cases, here cocatrice, intemperate.

The alliterating sound may appear in word-internal onset positions.

D. Syllable weight

Syllable weight is a major factor in determining the position of stress in a word: essentially, no stressed syllable in English may be light.

IS IT TRUE THAT FEMINIST WHICH MADE LIFE EQUAL? WHICH SHOWED IN NOVEL BELENGGU

IS IT TRUE THAT FEMINIST WHICH MADE LIFE EQUAL? WHICH SHOWED IN NOVEL BELENGGU

By

Rizki Restu Permana

NIM: 1211503118

            Man and woman are same but different. Many people said that man is stronger and smarter than woman, but woman can accept that statement because woman also feel that they are can doing what man do. Modern feminism began with Mary Wollstonecraft’s in essay Vindications of Rights of Woman (1792) talk about gaffe of woman’s degree. In her essay began with questions that man like controlled woman in eighteen century. She asked in her essay why woman have to still at home and doing everything just at home like reading the novels which write by man, why woman become a foolish people who follow what man view. Wollstonecraft in a same essay talking about thing of inequality of woman especially in education, power and idea with several question of women thought that woman inequality with man.

Mary Wollstonecraft with her essay which become basic for the theory of feminism because many theory about feminism which based to Wollstonecraft like Walters (2005; 2) argued that feminists had hardly begun to articulate, let alone address, women’s special problems: issues to do with childbirth and child-rearing, or the strain on women who had to combine housework and/or childcare with work outside the home, its mean that Walter want to say that woman also not always for doing childbirth and child-rearing but also can doing something like man at outside at home.

This topic showed in Novel “Belenggu” by Armijn Pane which publish in 1991. Belenggu’s novel has interest side, because in this novel showing about problems of woman which relation with portraying society in 1940 era. Woman who was get educate want equality with man and this can made the tradition has grew on become dilapidate the tradition which has grew on.  

In feminism, Walters (2005; 2) argued that woman was fighting the tyranny of the patriarchal state as you are fighting the tyranny of the Fascist state. Its mean that woman was against a tyranny for her better future like in Belenggu’s novel, Tini who hoping Sukartono can be a good wife with stay at home and become servant for Sukartono although Sukartono was have a servant in his home but Sukartono need Tini stay at home but Tini choose be a career woman.

“Engkau boleh keluar-keluar, mengapa aku tidak? Apa bedanya engkau dan aku? Mestikah aku diam-diam duduk menjadi nona penjagga telepon dekat-dekat telepon? Aku kawin bukan hendak menjadi budak suruh-suruhanmu menjaga telepon. Buat apa bujang sebanyak itu disini?”(Belenggu; 65)

            That cited who Tini said that she need equality with man, because Tini as feminist in this novel against man superiority. She asking why man can do what he wants but woman can’t. Is like Wollstonecraft who asking why woman isn’t same with man. Tini said that he want do what man do, because Tini think that Sukartono has had a servant in his home, but Sukartono as man and husband need Tini be a special servant like give he attention like opened his shoes or at least give he some drink when Sukartono came home because Sukartono feel that if Tini can doing like that, Sukartono can feel so glad to back home.

Feminism is problem in all the world, because many woman in the world need equality of man because woman has a right for equality after she get same education not like Wollstonecraft era which woman didn’t get same education like woman just at home and just has one way to get education is with reading the novel and that novel is wrote by man. Walters (2005; 2) adding her argument that over the centuries, and in many different countries, women have spoken out for their sex, and articulated, in different ways, their complaints, their needs, and their hopes. Its mean that woman every country needs equality with man.

“….Selalu perempuan, perempuan yang mesti menyukakan hati orang, apa yang terasa dalam hati kecilku, tiada orang peduli, bukan buat itu orang menghampiri aku, untuk kata di bibir dia datang.”(Belenggu; 52)

            That cited can justified Walter’s argues that woman have spoken out for their sex, their complaint, their needs, and their hopes like Tini do/said. Tini complaint why always woman who have to make man glad and Tini as feminist in Belenggu’s novel need man also can made woman glad. From this we should know that Tini as feminist want against what that was happened toward her.

            In Belenggu’s novel also any woman whom obeys to the tradition in Indonesian or become traditional woman who’s not against man superiority like Tini, her name is Rohayah. Rohayah is talked as Traditional woman who always make Sukartono feel happy if meet or thinking about Rohayah, because Rohayah known how to make man feel glad with her obey. I think Pane made character of Rohayah in Belenggu  is want to comparing between traditional and modern woman that’s called feminist.

“Msih bangun, Yah,” Kata Tono dengan napas sesak.

Yah memeluknya. “Benar, Tono, aku menunggu engkau. Kau tadi rusuh, aku merasa kau akan datang lagi. Mengapa rusuh, Tono?” katanya membelai-belai Tono. (Belenggu; 97)

            That cited is showing that Rohayah as traditional woman is can make man or Tono feel happier, because man need woman be woman like Rohayah who obey to man. Rohayah had known what man need, that man need affection from woman like Rohayah give. Those mean that man can accept feminist like woman want become career woman. This why Sukartono more like live with Rohayah than live with his wife Tini, because Tono needs woman who can be woman ought to not become a feminist.

 Precy Bysshe Shelley’s in her essay, A Defense of Poetry said that imagination is more important than reason, its mean that feeling is more important than knowledge. It same very different with feminism that reason of woman is have to equal, but in the accent of woman, woman is more use her heart than her reason.

“Kawin dengan cinta, memang itulah yang harus menjadi cita-cita, tetapi cinta belum tentu membawa kita kejalan kawin. Lihatlah aku, bukankah dahulu …” tidak, biarlah kutulis: “siapa keras hati, akan mendapat kehendaknya. Kita perempuan masih segan diejek orang, tiada tahan diperkatakan orang dikatakan tiada laku. Apakah perlunya kita takut? Kata saja, tidak dapat membinasakan. Pertetaplah hatimu, tentulah asmara jaya!” (Belenggu; 75)

            That cited is Tati as Tini friend said that’s married needs love and love is based on heart. If in married without love or heart can made the relationship unpleasant like Tini and Tono feel in their family. Tono always hope Tini can be like Rohayah although Tono give Tini a change to be feminist but Tono still needs Tini can give a pleasant with become a woman who obey to husband or man.

Tini tiada menanti jawab, terus berkata, sama sendirinya: “ kalau didalam hati layu, perasaan kasih sayang hilang dalam hati perempuan, sudah menjadi beku, seolah-olah hatinya air beku saja…perempuan itu, bukan perempuan lagi……”(Belenggu; 122)

            Tini also was realize that woman is more using heart than reason, because of that Tini said like cited before that if heart of woman is pale that’s can’t call woman again.

            Tini whose showed by Pane in Belenggu’s novel still want equal with man because she feel that she educate that was she get is enough for get right to be equal with man. Tini never want to surrender for obey man. Walter (2005; 21) argued that woman are kept like birds in cages to hop up and down in our houses, not suffered to fly abroad ... we are shut out of all power and authority, by reason we are never employed either in civil or martial affairs, our counsels are despised and laughed at, the best of our actions are trodden down with scorn, by the overweening conceit men have of themselves and through despisement of us. It’s mean that woman isn’t like bird whose still in cages but women need a freedom like man.

Because of that Tini always go from home and work in her organization which she placed an important position in that’s organization like Hook  (2000; 48) said that  the emphasis on work as the key to women's liberation led many white feminist activists to suggest women who worked were ‘already liberated.' It’s same like Pane’s draw that Pane makes character Tini for showing that feminist can feel free with working out of home.

Finally, a woman is woman who is more using her heart. Woman can’t be like man who is more use the reason than his heart.  Walters (2005; 3) added that women also have to expose and eradicate the misogyny inherent in feminism itself.  This statement can explain that woman always has weakness although in feminism itself.

Tini memandangnya dengan marah.

“bukan kau diam saja?” kata dokter Sukartono akan mempertahankan diri.

“perlulah lagi aku buka mulut? Mestikah aku menyembah-nyembah lagi? Meti berlutut dimukamu?

Patient, patient, selamanya patient, istrinya terlantar, tidak malu engkau isterimu sendiririan pulang?”(Belenggu; 36)

That cited was showed that Tini is as feminist characters need an attention and wants to be seen as a woman although in the other side Tini want be equal with man. Its mean that woman is still in an accent of woman there is woman still more using her heart than her reason.

Different with Tini as feminist, Rohayah whose obey to man or follow the traditional woman who receives her accent as a woman. Sukartono as a man who needs affection from woman is founded in Rohayah, because Rohayah can understand what she should be and what tradition in her place.

”buku apa saja kubaca” dia tersenyum: “ Karena itulah banyak pikiran dalam kepalaku, yang tiada berketentuan, yang tiada patut disimpan dalam kepala perempuan.”(Belenggu: 53)

                That cited, like I was told that Rohayah is receive her accent as a woman and man is more like a women like Rohayah. Tini also is a woman, Tini is same like Rohayah whose still using their heart and their can be like man because woman accent is life with more using her heart not like man whom life more using a reason.

“Memang dik Ti, memang kita perempuan mesti suka merunduk, seperti…”

“….Jembatan gantung, kalau dipijak-pijak, menurut saja. Itulah yang mesti menjadi cita-cita kita.”

            Sehabis menulis kalimat itu air matanya titik kemudian terbit rasa lega. (Belenggu; 76)

Tini whom as a feminist realize that her accent, but he still needs equal with man because he think he can after she get same education although Pane make character Tini still showing women side like crying. Not like Tini, Tono as a man is not crying although his heart was destroyed by Tini who leave he.

Dalam hati tono terasa sedih, bercampur duka, seolah-olah baru membaca buku yang sedih penghabisannya, kemudian ditutup….hendak disimpan atau dikembalikan, seperti baru mendengar lagu yang sedih-sedih, kemudian knop diputar lagi ke stasionlain, karena stasion dulunya sudah berhenti.(Belenggu; 151)

               

In the end, Pane made character Tono is show that man is cannot be equal wit woman because woman and man is same but has different basic like woman is more using heart than reason and man is more using her reason than his heart. This reflects that woman cannot be equal because woman still needs the man to be independent. Wollstonecraft’s theory is just concerned on woman’s reason than feeling. And I think in Belenggu’s novel, Pane want to say that feminism is cannot make a woman equal but just can make tradition dilapidate as I think Pant to say. 

               

           

REFERENCES:

Hooks, Bell. 2000. Feminism is for Everybody; Passionate Politics. Gloria Watkins; Canada

Nurrachman, Dian. 2013. Classical Critical Theory: A Student Course Book by ELSA: Writes Publishing; Bandung (Using theory Mary Wollstonecraft in essay Vindications of Rights of Woman (1792) and  Precy Bysshe Shelley: A Defense of Poetry )

Pane, Arjimn. 2012. Belenggu. Dian Rakyat; Jakarta

Walters, Margaret. 2005. Feminism; A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University          Press; New York