Summary Morphology

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            Morphology is the scientific words, there are many kind of words, such as words as types and words as token. Any words have meaning that are predictable, that is meaning that can be worked out on the basis of sounds that make them up sound rather than letters because writing is secondary to speech.

The meaning of a word or expression, the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted. the dictionary gave several senses for the word. Words as the basic units of language. Classification of  English words refer to most often is dictionary, in which words are listed according to their spelling in alphabetical order. A common reason for looking up a words in an English dictionary is to check how to spell it.Units of language which are basic in two sense.

Proverbs, It’s no use crying over spilt milk. After an accident we should look to the future, rather than waste time wishing the accident had not happened.

Words with predictable meaning is any words that are composed of independently identifiable parts is suffient to determine the meaning of the whole word.

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Morphemes is the smaller parts of words. Including roots, affixes and their shapes. derived from The Greek, namely form or shape. Morpheme has two kind there are Monomorphemic and Polymorphemic. Monomorphemic is consisting of just one morpheme and Polymorphemic is Consisting of more than one morpheme.

Rule of Morphemes be identifiable from one word to another word. For example is helpfulness (help ---ful---ness) which is divisible into morphemes help, -ful (identifiable also in cheerful and doleful, for example) and –ness (identifiable also in happiness and sadness). Contribute in some way to the meaning of the whole word.

Affixes is placed in front of a word to add or change its meaning UN TOUCH ABLE   that mean is UNTOUCHABLE. Prefix is that comes before a base morphemes. Suffix is that comes after a base morphemes Then, Untouchable can be said Affix if both of them appeared together.

In morphemes, There is Free morphemes, namely morphemes which can stand alone, and Bound morphemes, namely normally cant stand alone but need to be attached to another morphemes.

Shape morphemes, BF abreviate from Bound and Free morphemes for example : Reu-matic, Auto-mobile, Auto-giro. FB abreviate from Free and Bound morphemes for example:  state-ment, appointment. BFB abreviate from bound,free and bound morphemes. For example: in-exhaust-able, in-exor-able, un-impeace-able. FBB abreviate from Free, bound and bound morphemes. For example:  beauti-ful-ly.

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Affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word.Affix can say that an element can occur both as part ofa complex word and as a free morpheme. In such cases, only a careful analysis of its linguistic properties can reveal whether the element in question is really the same in both cases. If (and only if) there are significant differences between the two usages we can safely assume that we are dealing with two different items. If there are no significant differences, the element should be treated as a free morpheme and the pertinent complex word as a compound.

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root of a word. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the words to which it is affixed. For an example: Possible can be made negative in meaning by adding im-: impossible

A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word. For example, the verb read can be made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er; read can be made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.

·         Nominal suffixes are often employed to derive abstract nouns from verbs,adjectives, and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote actions, results ofactions, or other related concepts, but also properties, qualities, and the like.

·         Verbal Suffix There are four suffixes which derive verbs from other categories (mostly adjectives and nouns), -ate, -en, -ify, and -ize.

·         Adjectival Suffix are relational adjectives, whose role is simply to relate the noun the adjective qualifies to the base word ofthe derived adjective. For example, algebraic mind means ‘a mind having to do with algebra, referring to algebra, characterized by algebra,’ colonial officer means‘officer having to do with the colonies,’ and so on.

·         Adverbial Suffix there are two suffixes which derive adverbal from categories. And there ar ( -ly, -wise)

Infix - some languages add morphemes to the middle of the word, but this system is rarely used in English, except in expressions such as 'Fan-bloody-tastic',­ known as tmesis.

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Inflection

Inflection refers to word formation that does not change category and

does not create new lexemes, but rather changes the form of lexemes so

that they fit into different grammatical contexts.

Types of inflection

1.Number

            Perhaps the most familiar inflectional category for speakers of English is number. In English, nouns can be marked as singular or plural:

(1) Singular cat, mouse, ox, child

Plural cats, mice, oxen, children

In English, it is required to mark the plural on nouns in a context in which more than one of that noun is being discussed (I have six beagles). Some languages distinguish a third category of number in addition to singular and plural.

2.Person

Speakers of Indo-European languages may, however, be less familiar with marking person on nouns. It is not unusual for languages to mark person on nouns to show possession, something we do in English with separate possessive pronouns. For example, the Iroquoian language Mohawk uses prefixes to mark person on nouns:

3.Gender and noun class

In languages that have grammatical gender nouns are divided into two or more classes with which other elements in a sentence – for example, articles and adjectives – must agree. We use French and German as our examples here:

a. French Masculine Feminine

homme ‘man’ femme ‘woman’

rat ‘rat’ souris ‘mouse’

bureau ‘desk’ table ‘table’

b. German Masculine Neuter Feminine

Mann ‘man’ Kind ‘child’ Frau ‘woman’

Tisch ‘table’ Pult ‘desk’ Mauer ‘wall’

Hund ‘dog’ Pferd ‘horse’ Maus ‘mouse

French has two genders, masculine and feminine. German has three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. While sometimes the real world sex of the noun’s referent determines the grammatical gender of the noun – that is, the class that the noun belongs to – in many more cases nouns are assigned to genders with some degree of arbitrariness. So while the words for ‘man’ and ‘woman’ in both languages are masculine and feminine respectively, in accordance with natural gender,

4. Case

Case is another grammatical category that may affect nouns (or whole noun phrases). In languages that employ the inflectional category of case, nouns are distinguished on the basis of how they are deployed in sentences, for example, whether they function as subject, direct object, indirect object, as a location, time, or instrument, or as the object of a preposition. In Latin, for example, nouns must be inflected in one of five cases, with singular and plural forms for each case:

Ergative/absolutive case systems are less frequent in the languages of the world than nominative/accusative systems, but they do occur in the Pama- Nyungan languages of Australia (for example Dyirbal), in the Tsimshianic languages of North America (e.g. Sm’algyax, spoken in British Columbia), in the language isolate Basque, as well as in Caucasian languages like Georgian.

5.Tense and aspect

Tense and aspect are inflectional categories that usually pertain to verbs. Both have to do with time, but in different ways. Tense refers to the point of time of an event in relation to another point – generally the point at which the speaker is speaking. In present tense the point in time of speaking and of the event spoken about are the same. In past tense the time of the event is before the time of speaking. And in future tense the event time is after the time of speaking.

In English, we mark the past tense using the inflectional suffix -ed on verbs (walked, yawned), but there is no inflectional suffix for future tense. Instead, we use a separate auxiliary verb will to form the future tense (will walk, will scream). The use of a separate word to form a tense is called periphrastic marking. Strictly speaking, periphrastic marking is a matter of syntax rather than morphology.